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ABA 534: M5 Guided Notes:

 

Kazdin, A.E. (2021). Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings. New York: Oxford University Press.

 

This week, your study questions will cover Kazdin, Chapter 6 and. the. Alvero et al. study (see below).

Alvero. et al Safety Belt Use

 

 

Chapter 6:

 

Introduction

 

  • Research design in general includes __________­­­_____ interdependent components: _______________, _______________, and _______________.  Their interdependence derives from how they contribute to _______________, _______________, or make _______________ threats to _______________.
  • In both between-group and single-case designs the _______________ is arranged in such a way as to make various _______________ to _______________ _______________ implausible.
  • All experiments compare the effects of different conditions (______________ _____________) on performance (_________________ ________________)
  • The “gold standard” for between-group designs research that evaluates i_______________ is the r______________ c_______________ t_______________ (_R __ __).
  • In the single-case research, i_______________ are usually made about the effects of the _______________ by comparing different conditions presented to the same participant over _______________.
  • In single case research, designs are used to draw strong______, and to rule out threats to v____________ that impede our interpretation.

 

General Requirements of Single-Case Designs

 

The three general requirements of single-case designs are”

 

  1. R_______________ _________________ assessment
  2. B_______________ __________________
  3. S_______________ ___ _______________

 

 

Repeated, Ongoing Assessment

 

  • Describe what is meant by repeated ongoing assessment, and why this is a basic requirement of single-case designs.
  • Compare between -group and single-case research with regard to repeated assessment.

 

Baseline Assessment

  • Describe “baseline assessment” and the2 critical functions it serves.
  • If treatment is effective, performance will differ from the projected level of ___________.

 

Stability of Performance

  • Since baseline performance is used to _______________ how the client will _______________ in the _______________, it is important that the _______________ _______________ _______________. A _______________ _______________ of performance is characterized by the absence of a _______________ (or slope) in the data and relatively _______________ _______________ in performance.

 

Trend in the Data

  • Describe what is referred to as” trend in the data.”
  • Complete the table below to describe three simple data patterns that are shown by the following trends. For each trend describe what it represents and give an original example.
Type of  Trend What it represents Example
No trend    
Increasing trend    
Decreasing trend    
Trend in same direction of intervention    

 

 

 

Variability in the Data

  • In addition to trend, _______________ of the data refers to the fluctuation or_______________ in the subject’s performance over time.
  • Excessive _______________ in the data during _______________ or _______________ _______________ ca interfere with drawing conclusions about _______________. As a general rule, the _______________ the _______________ in the data, the more _______________ it is to draw conclusions about the _______________ of the _______________.
  • Describe three sources of variability

 

 

 

ABAB Designs:  Basic Characteristics

 

Description and Underlying Rationale

*Review examples from Figure 6.5 and 6.6

 

  • How does the ABAB design examine the effects of an intervention? Describe the purpose of the“A” phase and the “B” phase.
  • When does an investigator change phases in an ABAB design?
  • What is the function of the third phase (the second A of ABA)?
  • How does the ABAB design control for threats to internal validity?
  • Refer to Figure 6.5 for these questions:
    • What is the “A” phase and what is the “B” phase?
    • Describe the trends in the data for the baseline phase
    • Describe the trends in the data for the group contingency phases

 

Design Variations

 

  • Describe three ways that an investigator can vary what can be done in the second “A” phase.
  • Describe some of the conditions where the design might begin with the intervention, using a BABA design.
  • Describe how increasing the number of phases in an ABAB design can reduce threats to internal validity

 

Number of Different Interventions

  • ABAB designs can vary in the number of different _______________ they include. Occasionally, investigators may include _______________ _______________ (B and C phases) in the same design.
  • Why might an investigator use more than one intervention in the same design?
  • Describe order effects and sequence effects. Now describe two solutions to the problems of comparing two or more interventions.

 

Problems and Limitations

 

 

Failure Of Behavior To Revert Toward Baseline Levels

  • Describe four reasons why a behavior might not revert toward baseline levels once the intervention is withdrawn or altered.

 

Undesirability of Reverting Behavior to Baseline Levels

 

  • In many cases, it is obvious that a withdrawal of treatment is clearly not in the interest of the client; a reversal of behavior would be difficult if not _______________ to defend _______________.
  • Ethical considerations may be enough, but there are other considerations. Design issues need to be weighed against _______________ that make designs _______________ to the various persons involved.
  • There is a value in knowing what is _______________ for client change and knowing that it was the _______________ rather than other _______________ …Knowing that the _______________ specifically led to change has great _______________ importance rather than serving as a mere academic exercise …

 

Evaluation of the Design

  • The ABAB design and its _______________ can provide convincing _______________ that an intervention was responsible for change.
  • It is possible to include a _______________ phase in the design to show that the _______________ was responsible for change and still attempt to _______________ behavior.
  • ABAB design and its _______________ are not necessarily _______________ with achieving _______________ of behavior. Occasionally a behavior can be _______________ by changing another _______________ with which it is highly _______________.

 

J., Alvero, A. M., & Olson, R. (1998). Prompting patron safety belt use at a restaurant. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31, 655-657.

 

Please answer these questions with no more than 1-2 sentences.

 

  1. What was the purpose of the study?

__________________________________________________________________

 

  1. The independent variable (the treatment) was:____________________________________________________________________.
  2. The dependent variable was (the targeted behavior)___________________________.
  3. The participants were____________________________________________________.
  4. What was the design? ____________________________________________________
  5. How was the percentage of safety belt usage calculated?

_______________________________________________________________________

 

  1. How was interobserver agreement calculated?

_______________________________________________________________________

 

PLEASE EXAMINE THE GRAPH IN FIGURE 1 TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

 

 

  1. The trend of the data in the baseline condition was: (select one)

    1. Increasing
    2. Decreasing
    3. Stable

 

  1. The level of the targeted behavior (the dependent variable) in the baseline condition was:

    1. High
    2. Medium
    3. Low

 

  1. How did the trend and level of the dependent variable change in the first intervention condition? ______________________________________________________________

 

  1. What happened to the trend and level of the data in the second baseline condition?

 

___________________________________________________________________________

 

  1. How about the second intervention condition?Describe the trend and level of the data for the dependent variable.

______________________________________________________________________.

 

  1. Describe the trend and level of the dependent variable data in the third baseline condition. Why do you think the experimenters made the judgment that they could change conditions to the last intervention condition?

 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

  1. Describe the trend and level in the last condition. Why do you think the experimenters stop taking data?  That is, do you think that experimental control was exhibited with the ABABAB design? Why or why not?

 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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